Voltage Stabilization of A DC-Microgrid Using ANFIS Controller Considering Electrical Vehicles and Transient Storage

In this paper, we proposed a DC-microgrid with four main elements for Voltage stabilization. This research also presented a cost function that will guarantee the lifecycle of the EVs' battery because we use a Super Capacitor to damp the transient Ripples of Bus Voltage. This DCMG has four main branches: Ballast, Random Load, Random Source, and Stabilizer. The Random Source is photovoltaic, and the Random Load includes consumers. The three first branches make the DCMG go to the destabilization mode, and the last one has to stabilize its role in this DCMG. The controller consists of a fuzzy inference system optimized using PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm, so this controller adjusts the duty cycle of three main branches in the stabilization branch of this DCMG. It is a MIMO ANFIS controller, and we compared the results of this controller with other controllers. In this research, we have designed three scenarios to verify the results: production more than consumption, vice versa, and equality between production and consumption. In this paper, the efficiency of this method -- using ANFIS controller -- in comparison with others -- using another type of controller -- will evaluate under different operating conditions, production and consumption inequality, and equality.Comment: 19 pages, 27 figure

Fixed-order H-infinity controller design for systems with ellipsoidal parametric uncertainty

In this paper, fixed-order robust H-infinity controller design for systems with ellipsoidal parametric uncertainty based on parameter dependent Lyapunov functions is studied. Using the concept of Strictly Positive Realness (SPRness) of transfer functions, a fixed-order robust control design method in terms of solution to a set of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) is proposed. Since, controller parameters are decision variables, any controller structure, such as PID, can be considered. The weighted infinity-norm of closed loop sensitivity functions are considered as performance specification in the synthesis problem. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method

Calpain-Mediated Apoptosis in Motor Neurons of Adult Mouse Spinal Cord Slices

Motor neuron degeneration is a critical phenomenon during spinal cord injuries and some neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms by which cell death is induced in these neurons are poorly understood. One reason for this, is the lack of model systems in which the survival and death of adult motor neurons can be studied under controlled conditions. This thesis is an attempt to develop such a model system. Here, we tried to establish an in vitro model utilizing slices of adult mouse spinal cord. A respiratory assay (MTT) was used to assess cell viability in the slices, and cell death was evaluated by morphological features using fluorescent nuclear stains or biochemical feature of cell death using agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. We could demonstrate that both slice thickness and the presence of serum in the culture medium affected slice survival. By using the optimal conditions, we showed that survival could be maintained in the slice cultures for a few days. In the cultured slices, both motor neurons and glial cells died by apoptosis. Interestingly, apoptosis was induced independent of caspase activation, excitotoxicity or free radical formation-classical inducers of apoptosis. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that two isoforms of the Ca2+ -dependent proteases, calpain I and calpain II, appeared in the nuclei of the motor neurons in response to injury and culturing. Calpain activation occurred both in the cytoplasm and the nuclei of the motor neurons as assessed by a fluorogenic calpain substrate. Calpain activation was also observed in the slices by Western blotting using an antibody to 150-kD calpain-cleaved ?-fodrin fragment. Calpain inhibitors and chelation of Ca2+ by EGTA delayed apoptosis and prevented calpain activation in the motor neurons. In contrast, the general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk had no effect on either apoptosis or calpain activation in the motor neurons. In conclusion, our results show that massive caspase-independent but calpain-dependent apoptosis is induced in motor neurons in response to injury and culturing and that inhibitors of calpain can delay apoptosis in the motor neurons of cultured slices

Calpain inhibitors delay injury-induced apoptosis in adult mouse spinal cord motor neurons

Here, we investigated the effect of calpain inhibitors on apoptosis in organotypic adult spinal cord slices from mice. An increase in calpain I immunoreactivity was found in the nuclei of motor neurons from slices cultured for 30 min. After 4 h, the immunopositive motor neurons exhibited apoptotic changes including nuclear and chromatin condensation. Eight hours after excision, most motor neurons showed nuclear apoptotic features. Two calpain inhibitors, leupeptin and calpain inhibitor XI, inhibited apoptosis in the motor neurons while the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk had no effect. Leupeptin, but not calpain inhibitor XI and Z-VAD.fmk, also inhibited nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. These results suggest the involvement of calpain I in the induction of apoptosis in motor neurons of adult spinal cord and that apoptosis can be triggered independent of caspase activation

The calpain inhibitor VI prevents apoptosis of adult motor neurons

Motor neuron cell death was studied in organotypic cultures of adult spinal cord slices from the mouse. Six hours after excision, many motor neuron nuclei displayed apoptotic features including nuclear and chromatin condensation. At this time point, many motor neurons also exhibited immunoreactivity to calpain II. Both the calpain inhibitor VI and ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) prevented the appearance of apoptotic nuclei whereas the pan caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk had no effect. The results suggest that calpain is required for apoptosis of motor neurons and that this type of apoptosis is independent of caspase activation

Multilevel Inverter Real-Time Simulation and Optimization Through Hybrid GA/PSO Algorithm

This paper presents a new real-time intelligent optimization algorithm to minimize the voltage harmonics of a multilevel inverter. Hybrid Genetic algorithm /Particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed in a real-time simulation to identify the best fire angels of the multilevel inverter to eliminate any destructive effect, such as dc voltage variations and changes in line and dc-link resistors. The dual objective function of harmonic minimization and voltage regulation is considered in this real-time simulation. This approach can be applied to any multilevel inverter with various numbers of levels. The validity of the proposed algorithm is proven by real-time simulation of seven and an eleven-level inverter.Comment: 26 pages, 22 picture